amphetamine

Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant of the phenethylamine class. It exists as enantiomers, notably dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine) and levoamphetamine (l-amphetamine). Medically, it is prescribed in the form of amphetamine salts, including dextroamphetamine sulfate and mixed amphetamine salts (for example, Adderall).

Medical uses: It is used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Historically it has been used for appetite suppression; many such uses have declined. Medications are available in immediate-release and extended-release formulations.

Mechanism of action: Amphetamine increases brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine by promoting their release from presynaptic vesicles and by blocking reuptake at transporters. It also has some effects on serotonin at higher doses. The resulting stimulation improves wakefulness and attention but can produce euphoria at higher doses.

Side effects and risks: Common adverse effects include insomnia, dry mouth, loss of appetite, increased heart rate and blood pressure, anxiety, and agitation. Long-term use or high doses can lead to dependence, stimulant use disorder, withdrawal, and, in some individuals, psychosis or cardiovascular complications.

Regulation and history: Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu. It gained wide medical and military use in the 20th century but is now tightly regulated due to abuse potential. In the United States, amphetamine and its salts are Schedule II controlled substances; in the United Kingdom, it is a Class B controlled substance.

Related compounds: Methamphetamine is a chemically related stimulant with higher abuse potential and greater central effects; it is regulated separately.