hyperactivity

Hyperactivity describes excessive motor activity, fidgeting, restlessness, and impulsivity that is not appropriate for a given setting. It can involve constant movement, difficulty staying seated, excessive talking, and a tendency to act without considering consequences. In children, hyperactivity is common in normal development, but when it significantly impairs functioning it warrants evaluation.

Hyperactivity is a hallmark symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but not a diagnosis in itself. It can also accompany autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, sleep disorders, thyroid problems, substance use, or medication effects. The presentation may be predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, or combined.

Assessment includes clinical interview, behavior rating scales (e.g., Conners, Vanderbilt), behavioral observation, and medical screening to rule out medical causes. Diagnoses are typically made when symptoms are present before age 12, persist for at least six months, and cause impairment across settings.

Management combines behavioral strategies, educational accommodations, and, when appropriate, pharmacotherapy. Behavioral interventions include parent management training, consistent routines, and clear expectations. Medications commonly used for ADHD with hyperactivity are stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamine preparations) with well-established efficacy; non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine) are options when stimulants are not suitable. Side effects may include appetite changes, sleep disruption, or mood effects. Treatment plans are individualized.

Prognosis varies with age and comorbid conditions. In many children, hyperactivity decreases with age, while in others symptoms persist into adolescence or adulthood. Early identification and multimodal management improve functional outcomes. Prevalence estimates vary by population and diagnostic criteria.