impulsivity

Impulsivity is a tendency to act quickly with little forethought or consideration of consequences. It encompasses a spectrum of behaviors characterized by rapid, unplanned actions, risky decisions, and difficulties with delaying gratification. Researchers distinguish cognitive impulsivity (hasty decisions or poor tolerance for ambiguity), motor impulsivity (acting without forethought or restraint), and non-planning impulsivity (a lack of future orientation). While some degree of impulsivity is normal, excessive impulsivity can disrupt functioning across settings.

Assessment relies on self-report scales and behavioral tasks. Prominent measures include the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, along with laboratory tasks such as delay discounting and response inhibition measures. Impulsivity is influenced by neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors. Neural circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and ventral striatum, as well as dopaminergic signaling, contribute to impulse control. Developmental changes, stress, sleep deprivation, and substances can modulate impulsivity. It frequently co-occurs with neurodevelopmental, mood, and substance use disorders, notably ADHD, bipolar disorder, and addictions, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

In daily life, impulsivity can lead to problematic risk-taking, financial errors, relationship difficulties, and poor treatment adherence. Management focuses on addressing underlying conditions and strengthening self-regulation. Evidence-based approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness and distress tolerance training, problem-solving skills, and behavioral interventions designed to increase delay of gratification. Pharmacotherapy is used selectively to treat comorbid conditions rather than impulsivity alone.

See also: self-control, executive function, delay of gratification.