metamfetamine

Metamfetamine, commonly spelled methamphetamine in English, is a powerful central nervous system stimulant. It belongs to the phenethylamine class and has a high potential for dependence and abuse. The substance is the same chemical in all spellings; in some languages the term metamfetamine is used as an alternative spelling or transliteration.

Medical use and legality: In a limited medical context, methamphetamine is prescribed at low doses for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and, rarely, obesity under strict controls (brand name Desoxyn in some markets). Outside of medical use, metamfetamine is illegal in many countries and is classified as a controlled substance; possession, manufacture, or sale without authorization can carry severe penalties.

Pharmacology and effects: Methamphetamine increases extracellular levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, primarily by promoting release and blocking reuptake. This produces increased wakefulness, focus, energy, and decreased appetite, with euphoria. Adverse effects may include insomnia, anxiety, agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, and paranoia. Chronic use can lead to addiction, cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and neurotoxicity. High doses raise risk of stroke, heart attack, and severe dental problems.

Routes and use: It can be taken orally, snorted, smoked (crystal meth), or injected. Illicit use often involves high-potency forms and polydrug combinations. The drug carries significant health risks and social harms, including overdose and infectious disease transmission with injection.

History: Methamphetamine was first synthesized in the late 19th century and later used as a medication and stimulant; it gained notoriety as a World War II stimulant and later became a common illicit drug in many regions. Public health responses emphasize prevention, treatment, and harm reduction.