menageries

Menageries are collections of live animals kept for display, study, or entertainment, typically in captivity. The term comes from the French ménagerie, meaning household management, and historically referred to private or royal collections rather than formal public institutions.

From the 17th to the 19th centuries, European aristocrats, merchants, and institutions established menageries that were both private curiosities and public attractions. Some were portable, traveling with caravans or ships; others were fixed in palaces, gardens, or urban buildings. They contributed to popular interest in exotic species and to early natural history, though standards of animal welfare and husbandry varied widely.

Typical features included cages, pens, and aquariums arranged for display, with staff responsible for feeding, health care, and cleaning. Enclosures often prioritized visibility and spectacle over spacious habitat or enrichment. As zoological science advanced, some menageries were absorbed into or evolved into formal zoos or museums, adopting more systematic collection practices and veterinary care.

Modern usage of the term is largely historical. Most surviving institutions classified today as zoos, wildlife parks, or museums trace their origins to earlier menageries. In some contexts, privately owned or traveling collections retain the label, but they are subject to animal welfare regulations, licensing, and veterinary oversight. Critics have highlighted concerns about confinement, disease transmission, and the ethics of displaying wild animals.

Overall, menageries played a significant role in the history of animal collection and public curiosity about the natural world, but they have largely given way to contemporary zoological institutions that emphasize welfare, conservation, and education.