zoos

A zoo is a facility that houses a collection of living animals for public exhibition, education, research, and conservation. Modern zoos strive to provide species-appropriate habitats, veterinary care, nutrition, and enrichment to promote animal welfare while informing visitors about biodiversity, ecology, and conservation challenges. They may house mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and in some cases invertebrates, often alongside interpretive displays and programs designed to foster public engagement with wildlife.

The concept has ancient roots in menageries and royal collections, but contemporary zoos emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries as scientific study and public education became central aims. Over time, emphasis shifted from display alone toward welfare-oriented husbandry, naturalistic enclosures, and cooperative conservation efforts. Many zoos participate in international networks and breeding programs to maintain genetic diversity for threatened species and to support research that benefits wild populations.

Operations and governance vary by country but commonly include admissions revenue, donations, grants, and sponsorships. Zoos may engage in ex-situ conservation, veterinary research, conservation education, and community outreach. Accreditation and welfare standards are often pursued through organizations such as the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) and regional bodies like the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) or the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), which set guidelines on animal care, enclosure design, enrichment, and veterinary care.

Ethical considerations surround the captivity of wild animals, with debates focused on welfare, ecological justification, and the quality of life in enclosures. Many institutions address these concerns with enhanced habitats, behavioral enrichment, and transparency about conservation outcomes, while some critics advocate for sanctuaries and non-captive conservation approaches as alternatives.