zoo

A zoo, short for zoological garden or zoological park, is a facility that houses living animals for public display, research, education, and conservation. Zoos typically maintain a diverse collection of species, from mammals and birds to reptiles and amphibians, and aim to provide care, veterinary services, and nutrition tailored to each species. Many zoos participate in captive breeding programs to support threatened populations and coordinate with other institutions through professional networks.

Historically, zoos began as private collections or menageries for royalty and elites. The modern zoo emerged in the 19th century with evolving standards for animal care and public education. Over time, emphasis shifted from spectacle toward welfare, ethical considerations, and science-based husbandry, with increasing attention to naturalistic enclosures and species-specific needs.

Operations and governance involve dedicated staff such as zookeepers, veterinarians, nutritionists, and enrichment specialists. Enclosures are designed to balance public viewing with animal welfare and safety, and facilities often incorporate climate control, environmental enrichment, and habitat complexity. Accreditation and standards bodies, including regional and international organizations, set guidelines for welfare, animal care, conservation, and ethical practices.

Roles of zoos extend beyond display to education, research, and conservation. They offer learning programs for visitors, contribute to field research, and participate in breeding and reintroduction efforts through coordinated plans like Species Survival Plans. Some institutions prioritize rescue, rehabilitation, and long-term care when release is not possible, and many critics call for ongoing improvements in welfare and habitat design.

Notable zoos include institutions such as the London Zoo, Smithsonian National Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Bronx Zoo.