martens

Martens are small to medium-sized carnivorous mammals in the mustelid family, belonging to the genus Martes and related genera. They are found in boreal and temperate forests across Europe, Asia, and North America, where they use tree hollows, rock crevices, and dense vegetation for shelter. They are agile climbers, with long tails and a slender body that aids movement through branches and undergrowth. Coat coloration varies by species, typically brown to olive-brown above with lighter underfur, and some species display a contrasting throat patch or facial markings.

Most martens are omnivorous carnivores, feeding on small mammals, birds, eggs, insects, and fruit. They hunt by stalking and ambushing, but many species will cache food and exploit seasonal resources. They are generally solitary, except during breeding or when females feed kits.

Breeding seasons range from late winter to spring, depending on species and region. After mating, fertilization is followed by delayed implantation in some martens, allowing births to coincide with favorable conditions. Litter sizes commonly range from two to five young, which are initially blind and altricial, and become independent after several months.

Taxonomically, martens form a taxonomically diverse group within Mustelidae. The best-known species include the European pine marten (Martes martes), the sable (Martes zibellina), the stone marten or red marten (Martes foina), the American marten (Martes americana), and the Japanese marten (Martes melampus). The fossil record and genetic studies continue to refine relationships among these species. Conservation status varies by region and species, with some populations stable and others declining due to habitat loss and fur-trade pressures.