kumite

Kumite is a term in Japanese martial arts, most closely associated with karate, referring to sparring or fighting practice between two competitors. It is one of the three core elements of karate training, alongside kihon (basics) and kata (forms). Kumite develops timing, distance management, and the practical application of techniques in a controlled setting.

The term kumite means "meeting hands" or "sparring" in Japanese. The practice originated in Okinawa and was refined in Japanese karate schools, evolving from practice drills into methods for testing techniques against a resisting partner.

Practice formats in karate commonly include several kumite types. Yakusoku kumite are pre-arranged exchanges with prescribed movements to teach fundamentals. Jiyu kumite, or free sparring, allows more dynamic exchanges within agreed safety limits. Shiai kumite refers to competitive sparring conducted under formal rules and scoring systems.

Rules and scoring in sport contexts emphasize clean, controlled techniques delivered to valid targets, with emphasis on form, timing, and control. Contact is regulated, and dangerous actions or excessive force can lead to penalties or disqualification. Protective equipment such as mouthguards, gloves, foot protectors, and sometimes head and chest protection is commonly used, depending on the style and competition rules.

Kumite practices vary among karate styles, including Shotokan, Goju-ryu, and Shito-ryu, but share the goal of developing practical fighting skills while maintaining safety. The concept of kumite is central to sport karate organizations and national federations that establish standardized competition rules.