hypoacusis

Hypoacusis refers to a general term describing a reduced ability to hear, often used interchangeably with the more common term "hearing loss." The condition can affect one or both ears and varies in severity from mild to profound. Hypoacusis may be temporary or permanent, progressive or sudden, and can result from various underlying causes, including age-related changes, exposure to loud noises, infections, or medical conditions affecting the ear or auditory pathways.

The auditory system consists of the outer, middle, and inner ear, as well as the brain pathways responsible for processing sound. Hypoacusis can arise from damage or dysfunction in any of these areas. Conductive hypoacusis occurs when sound waves are unable to pass efficiently through the outer or middle ear, often due to blockages like earwax buildup, fluid accumulation, or structural issues such as otosclerosis. Sensorineural hypoacusis, the more common form, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve, frequently caused by aging (presbycusis), noise exposure, genetic factors, or certain medications (ototoxic drugs).

Mixed hypoacusis involves both conductive and sensorineural components, while central hypoacusis stems from issues in the brain’s auditory processing centers. Symptoms typically include difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments, frequent requests for repetition, reliance on visual cues for communication, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Diagnosis often involves a hearing test (audiometry), physical examination of the ear, and sometimes imaging or additional neurological assessments.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Conductive hypoacusis may be managed with medications, ear drops, surgery, or hearing aids. Sensorineural hypoacusis is often irreversible, but hearing aids, cochlear implants, or assistive listening devices can improve communication. Lifestyle changes, such as noise protection and avoiding ototoxic substances, may help prevent further deterioration. Early intervention and proper management can significantly enhance quality of life for individuals with hypoacusis.