blockages

Blockages are obstructions that impede the normal flow of materials, energy, or information within a system. They arise when an accumulation of material, an external object, or a failure in design or operation restricts passage. Blockages can create pressure, reduce efficiency, or halt function altogether, depending on the system involved.

In plumbing and industrial piping, blockages restrict the flow of water or other liquids. Common causes include mineral buildup, grease, soap scum, hair, and debris. Symptoms include slow drainage, gurgling, or backups. In medical contexts, blockages can occur in arteries, bile ducts, urinary tracts, or airways, limiting the transport of blood, bile, urine, or air. Causes include plaque, stones, mucus, or swelling. In transportation networks, blockages arise from accidents, roadworks, or congestion that delay or divert traffic.

Detection relies on observation of symptoms and measurement of flow, pressure, or imaging. In medicine, imaging tests, endoscopy, or angiography may identify blockages; in plumbing, snaking tools and cameras can locate clogs; in traffic, cameras and sensors track congestion.

Treatments depend on the system: mechanical removal or flushing for plumbing; medical interventions such as drugs, angioplasty, stents, lithotripsy, or surgery for biological blockages; traffic management and detours for transportation blockages. Prevention includes regular maintenance, avoiding buildup, protective devices, and monitoring to detect early signs of obstruction.