hoekopname

Hoekopname is a term used in surveying and geodesy for the observation and recording of angles between lines of sight to determine the spatial relationships among points or objects. It is a foundational technique in mapping, construction layout, and the establishment or updating of geodetic control networks. In a hoekopname, angles are measured from a chosen station or set of stations to targets with known or observable positions, and these angular observations are used to compute coordinates or relative positions.

The measurements typically involve horizontal angles (directional bearing) and vertical angles (inclination). Historically, theodolites were used to read these angles with optical scales, while modern practice often employs electronic instruments such as total stations or digital theodolites that can record angles, distances, and heights automatically. A hoekopname may include multiple observations to increase reliability, and readings are corrected for factors such as instrument height, refraction, and refraction-related errors.

Data from hoekopname can be processed by triangulation, resection, or intersection methods to determine the coordinates of observed points. Observations are usually subjected to adjustment procedures (e.g., least squares) to minimize errors and produce a consistent spatial network. Accuracy depends on instrument quality, observational technique, environmental conditions, and the number of measurements.

Applications of hoekopname include creating topographic maps, laying out construction foundations, monitoring structural movements, and establishing survey control points for large projects. It is closely related to other surveying methods such as distance measurement, bearing determination, and coordinate transformations, and it often complements photogrammetry and GNSS-based positioning in comprehensive surveying workflows.