hardvér

Hardvér is the set of tangible components that make up a computer system or electronic device. Unlike software, which consists of programs and data, hardvér refers to physical parts that can be touched and measured.

It typically includes the central processing unit (CPU), memory such as RAM and ROM, storage devices like HDDs or SSDs, and the motherboard along with its chipset. It also covers power supplies, cooling systems, and peripheral subsystems such as graphics processing units (GPU), network interfaces, and audio hardware. Input devices (keyboard, mouse, touch panels) and output devices (monitors, printers, speakers) are usually considered part of hardvér when used with a system. Interconnects such as buses, PCIe slots, USB ports, and display interfaces enable communication between components.

Hardvér characteristics and performance depend on specifications like clock speed, core count, memory capacity, storage type, and GPU capabilities. Upgrades and replacements are common ways to improve performance or add features, while compatibility and form factor constrain choices.

In practice, hardvér design emphasizes reliability, power efficiency, thermal management, and compliance with standards. Manufacturing involves materials science, fabrication processes, and testing. Standards and certifications (for example, USB, PCIe, or RoHS) guide interoperability and safety.

History of hardvér covers the evolution from electromechanical devices to vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits to modern microprocessors. This progression has enabled increasingly compact and capable systems. The rise of personal computers, servers, smartphones, and embedded devices expanded the scope of hardvér beyond traditional desktops.