chipset

A chipset is a collection of integrated circuits on a computer motherboard that manages data flow between the central processing unit (CPU) and other major components, such as memory, storage, and peripheral devices. It is a supporting component that determines many of the platform’s capabilities but is not the primary source of compute power.

Historically, chipsets were divided into Northbridge and Southbridge components, with the Northbridge handling high-speed communication with the CPU and memory, and the Southbridge managing input/output tasks. Modern systems commonly use a single Platform Controller Hub (PCH) or have the chipset functionality integrated into the CPU or system-on-a-chip (SoC). In these designs, the memory controller is often built into the CPU, reducing the role of the chipset to I/O control and peripheral interfacing.

Functions and interfaces provided by a chipset include memory and cache coordination, PCIe lanes for graphics cards and expansion cards, SATA and NVMe storage interfaces, USB ports, networking (LAN and wireless), audio controllers, and other I/O controllers. The chipset also participates in power management, firmware interfaces, and security features. The exact capabilities—such as the number of PCIe lanes, supported memory speeds, and available USB or SATA ports—are defined by the chipset model and influence motherboard design and system upgrade options.

Chipsets vary by manufacturer and platform, with common examples in desktops being Intel’s Z-series and AMD’s X-series or B-series families. The choice of chipset affects compatibility with CPUs, overclocking features, and expansion options, making it a key consideration when selecting a motherboard or building a computer.