hakemlik

Hakemlik is the practice and profession of officiating sports events to ensure fair play and the proper application of rules. In Turkish usage, hakem (referee) refers to the person who enforces rules during a game, while hakemlik denotes the role, activity, or career of officiating across sports.

Hakemlik covers various sports, including football (soccer), basketball, handball, volleyball, and athletics. The main duties of a hakem are to interpret and enforce rules, start and stop play, keep time, make decisions on fouls and sanctions, and communicate with players and coaches. Referees are responsible for safety on the field or court and for maintaining the flow of the game, often working with assistant officials and, in some sports, with additional officials such as a fourth official or video assistant referee (VAR).

Qualification typically involves formal training programs organized by national governing bodies. Prospective hakem undergo written and practical exams, fitness assessments, and background checks, followed by certification and licensure. After certification, referees receive assignments to competitions and leagues, with ongoing education and periodic re-certification to retain eligibility.

On-field structures vary by sport. A head referee is supported by assistant referees or linesmen, and may work with a fourth official. In many leagues, technological aids such as VAR or goal-line technology supplement human decision-makers, although adoption varies by country and competition.

In Turkey, hakemlik is overseen by national federations such as the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) among others, which organize training, licensing, and assignments for referees across multiple sports. The role is regarded as essential for officiating and governance in sport, requiring neutrality, fitness, and continual professional development.