hacking

Hacking is the practice of identifying and exploiting weaknesses in computer systems, networks, or software. It encompasses a spectrum of activity from illicit unauthorized access to legitimate security research conducted with permission. The term originated in computer culture to describe clever problem solving or system manipulation, but media coverage has often emphasized illegal or disruptive acts.

Historically, hacking emerged from early computer communities in the 1960s and 1970s, with a culture focused on exploration, invention, and system improvement. Notable events, such as the Morris worm in 1988, highlighted the potential for widespread disruption and helped spur the growth of cybersecurity as a professional field. Today, hacking is understood as a broad set of practices that can be used for defense as well as offense.

Hacking is commonly classified by intent and legality. White hat hackers perform authorized security testing to identify and remediate vulnerabilities. Black hat hackers engage in illegal access or manipulation for personal or criminal gain. Gray hat hackers operate without explicit permission but without malicious intent, sometimes reporting found weaknesses after accessing systems. Red teams simulate real-world attacks to test defenses, while blue teams focus on detection and response.

Techniques used in hacking range from passive information gathering and social engineering to software exploitation and post-exploitation activities. Ethical and professional approaches emphasize responsible disclosure, risk assessment, and robust defenses. Legal frameworks and organizational policies govern what constitutes permissible activity and the penalties for unauthorized access. Common defensive measures include authentication, encryption, access controls, monitoring, and regular security testing, including bug bounty programs and penetration testing conducted under authorization.