geotargeting

Geotargeting is the practice of delivering content, advertising, or services to users based on their geographic location. By correlating a user’s location with their preferences, behavior, or contextual factors, organizations can tailor messages and experiences to a specific region, country, city, or even a campus or venue. Geotargeting is widely used in online advertising, content localization, price localization, search results, and fraud prevention.

Location information can be obtained from several sources, including IP address-based geolocation, GPS or GNSS data from mobile devices with user consent, Wi‑Fi and cellular tower triangulation, browser geolocation APIs, and device identifiers such as cookies or advertising IDs. Often multiple data sources are combined to improve accuracy and reliability. The precision of location data ranges from broad regional localization to exact coordinates, depending on the method and privacy controls.

Advertisers may show different ads by country or city; publishers may present localized content or currency; e-commerce sites may adjust shipping options. Geotargeting can also influence search results and content recommendations, or enable location-based features such as venue check-ins or event recommendations.

Geotargeting raises privacy considerations because it involves collecting and processing location data. Compliance with data protection laws (for example, consent under GDPR and data minimization) and offering opt-outs or geolocation controls are common requirements. Companies may implement anonymization, pseudonymization, or aggregated location data for analytics to reduce privacy risks.

Accuracy, latency, and user consent are central to effective geotargeting, and ongoing policy and technical measures shape its use across platforms.