geolocation

Geolocation is the process of determining the real-world geographic location of an object, typically a person or device, and representing that location as coordinates or a place descriptor. It enables mapping, navigation, and location-based services across devices and networks.

The most common techniques combine satellite navigation systems (GNSS such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou) with additional data sources. Other methods include IP address-based location, Wi‑Fi network proximity, cellular-tower triangulation, Bluetooth beacons, and sensor fusion that integrates multiple signals to improve accuracy or context.

Accuracy varies by method and environment. GNSS can provide precise coordinates outdoors, often within a few meters, while signals indoors or in urban canyons may degrade. IP-based estimates are relatively coarse, sometimes spanning large areas, whereas Wi‑Fi and cellular approaches can improve indoor positioning but still vary in precision.

Geolocation supports many applications, including navigation and mapping, location-based services and advertising, asset tracking, emergency services, urban planning, and augmented reality experiences. It also enables geofenced experiences that trigger actions when a device enters or leaves a defined area.

Privacy and security concerns arise because location data reveal movement patterns and personal behavior. Users may grant or revoke permissions, and laws such as the GDPR and CCPA regulate data collection, storage, and sharing. Responsible use involves transparent data practices, user consent, and robust security controls.

Geolocation data are typically stored with timestamps and device identifiers and may be affected by data retention policies and device privacy settings. Effective use balances usefulness with privacy protections and user autonomy.