genograms

Genograms are archetypical family diagrams that map relationships across generations and annotate personal, medical, and social information. Unlike a simple family tree, genograms track patterns of illness, behavior, and kinship ties, using that information to illuminate intergenerational dynamics that may affect current functioning. A typical genogram covers three or more generations and employs standardized symbols to represent people and connections.

In a genogram, squares denote males and circles denote females. Horizontal lines represent marriages or partnerships; vertical lines link parents to their children; and additional markings show divorces, separations, adoptions, or deceased individuals. Annotations may include ages, dates of birth and death, health conditions, mental health history, occupations, education, and religious or social affiliations. A legend is usually included.

The genogram framework was developed and popularized in the 1980s by clinical researchers Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson as an enhancement of traditional family diagrams used in psychotherapy and social work.

Genograms are used by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, genetic counselors, and physicians to assess risk, identify hereditary patterns, and facilitate family discussions. They support assessment, treatment planning, and education by visualizing how family dynamics intersect with health and behavior.

Limitations include privacy concerns, the need for informed consent, potential bias in interpretation, and the time required to collect reliable information. As a static diagram, a genogram may become outdated; ongoing updates are often needed as families change.