genogram

A genogram is a graphical representation of a family that extends beyond a traditional family tree by incorporating information about relationships, health, and other significant characteristics across generations. It is used to visualize patterns and intergenerational dynamics that may influence individual behavior, well-being, and risk factors.

Genograms use standardized symbols and conventions. Typically, a circle represents a female and a square a male; a horizontal line indicates a partnership, and a vertical line leads to children. Relationships can be depicted with various line styles to show closeness, conflict, or distance (for example, solid lines for strong ties and dotted lines for estrangement). Additional details such as ages, dates, occupations, medical conditions, substance use, migration, and cultural or social factors are added as annotations or color codes. A genogram usually covers three or more generations and can be created from interviews, medical records, and other sources, with attention to privacy and consent.

The concept emerged in family therapy and social work in the late 20th century, notably through the work of Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson. It is widely used in psychology, counseling, nursing, psychiatry, and medical education to identify patterns such as hereditary risks, repeated familial roles, or relational dynamics that may affect treatment or intervention.

Limitations include potential bias in self-reporting, cultural interpretation of relationships, and the time required to construct a detailed chart. Genograms are tools to support assessment and discussion, not definitive diagnoses, and should be used with respect for client privacy and informed consent. See also: pedigree chart, family tree, systems theory.