envenation

Envenation refers to the process by which venom is injected into an animal's body by another animal. This is primarily achieved through specialized structures, most commonly fangs or stingers. Envenation is distinct from poisoning, which involves the ingestion or absorption of toxins. The purpose of envenation can vary, often serving as a defense mechanism to deter predators or as a hunting tool to incapacitate prey.

The effects of envenation depend heavily on the type of venom involved and the species of the victim. Venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and other molecules that can have diverse physiological effects. These can include neurotoxic effects that disrupt nerve function, hemotoxic effects that damage blood cells or interfere with clotting, cytotoxic effects that destroy tissue, and cardiotoxic effects that harm the heart. Symptoms can range from localized pain and swelling to systemic effects such as paralysis, respiratory failure, or organ damage.

Many animals, including snakes, spiders, scorpions, jellyfish, and some insects, are capable of envenation. The venom delivery systems are highly evolved and specific to the species. For example, snakes use fangs connected to venom glands, while scorpions possess a stinger at the end of their tail. The study of envenation and venoms is known as toxicology or, more specifically, envenomology. Antivenoms, which are antibodies that neutralize venom, are a crucial medical treatment for severe envenomation in humans.