incapacitate

Incapacitate is a verb meaning to deprive someone or something of the ability to act, move, function, or operate normally. The related noun incapacitation refers to the state or condition of being unable to act. The term derives from the Latin prefix in- (not) and capax (capable), forming a general idea of lacking capacity.

In medicine and health care, incapacitation describes a temporary or permanent loss of physical or cognitive function. Examples include severe injury, stroke, coma, or advanced cognitive impairment that prevents a person from making sound decisions or performing daily activities. In medical contexts, assessments of capacity or competence may determine whether an individual can consent to treatment or manage their affairs.

In law, incapacity refers to a legal determination that a person is not able to manage their own affairs or enter into contracts. Courts may appoint guardians or conservators to protect the interests of an incapacitated individual. Incapacitation thresholds vary by jurisdiction and context, balancing autonomy with protection.

In military, security, or law enforcement contexts, incapacitation describes actions or methods intended to temporarily or permanently prevent a person from posing a threat or performing actions. This can include nonlethal means designed to reduce ability to resist or flee, while avoiding harm as a primary objective. Discussions of incapacitation often emphasize legality, ethics, and proportionality.

In everyday use, the term can apply to equipment or systems that fail or break down, rendering them unable to function. Incapacitation thus spans physical, cognitive, legal, and operational domains.