demenze

Demenze, or dementias, are a group of progressive brain disorders characterized by a decline in memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform everyday activities. The condition results from damage to brain cells, which interferes with their communication and leads to a gradual loss of function. Dementias are not a normal part of aging, though the likelihood increases with age.

The most common form is Alzheimer's disease. Other major types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, with many cases involving mixed patterns of pathology. Symptoms vary by type but typically start with memory problems and may progress to impair judgment, language difficulties, disorientation, personality changes, and difficulties with daily tasks. Some dementias also cause fluctuations in attention and recurrent visual or perceptual disturbances.

Risk factors include advanced age, family history, and certain cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. Some dementias have genetic components and may run in families. There is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine may be prescribed for some forms, while non-pharmacological approaches—cognitive stimulation, physical activity, social engagement, and structured routines—are important. Care planning, caregiver support, and safety measures are essential components of management.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical assessment, cognitive testing, and medical history, supported by brain imaging and laboratory tests to exclude other conditions. Prognosis varies by type and individual factors, with dementia generally progressing over several years. Prevention and risk reduction emphasize cardiovascular health, regular physical and social activity, a healthy diet, and protection against head injuries.