dementia

Dementia is a broad term used to describe a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a normal part of aging. Dementia affects memory, language, reasoning, perception, and behavior, and it typically worsens over time.

Most dementias arise from neurodegenerative diseases. The most common is Alzheimer's disease, followed by vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Some people have mixed dementia. Reversible conditions can mimic dementia, such as vitamin deficiencies, thyroid disorders, infections, or medication effects.

Symptoms usually begin with memory lapses and word-finding difficulties, then progress to problems with daily tasks, confusion, mood changes, and impaired judgment. Diagnosis relies on medical history, cognitive testing, physical examination, and brain imaging to rule out other causes and confirm the pattern of decline.

There is no cure for most dementias, but treatments can help manage symptoms and support function. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine may be used for Alzheimer's disease. Non-drug approaches—physical activity, cognitive stimulation, social engagement, sleep, nutrition, and caregiver support—are essential components of care.

Dementia becomes more common with age and affects millions worldwide. The condition places a substantial burden on patients, families, and health systems. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care can improve quality of life and planning for future needs.