Alzheimers

Alzheimer's disease, commonly referred to as Alzheimer's, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. It involves gradual decline in memory, thinking, and daily function.

Early symptoms often include trouble with short-term memory and planning. As it advances, language problems, disorientation, poor judgment, and mood changes may appear. In later stages, daily tasks require help.

Age is the strongest risk factor. Rare familial forms are linked to mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2; the APOE e4 allele increases risk in many cases. Modifiable risks include cardiovascular health, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity.

Pathology shows beta-amyloid plaques outside neurons and tau tangles inside neurons, with progressive brain atrophy especially in memory regions.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and cognitive testing, with imaging to exclude other conditions. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid or PET scans can support the diagnosis; definitive confirmation is usually postmortem.

There is no cure. Treatments aim to ease symptoms: cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine may help some people. Nonpharmacologic strategies and caregiver support are important.

The disease typically progresses over several years to a decade or more, leading to dependence on care. It affects millions worldwide and represents a major public health challenge.

Research focuses on disease-modifying therapies, early detection, biomarker development, and prevention strategies.