counterfeit

Counterfeit refers to goods or currency produced with the intent to deceive as to their origin, authenticity, or value. The term is most closely associated with forged money but also covers fake products, counterfeit documents, and certain digital items. Counterfeiting is illegal in most jurisdictions and is treated as fraud, trademark infringement, or related offenses.

Common forms include counterfeit money, fake consumer goods bearing unauthorized brand marks, and counterfeit documents such as identification, licenses, or passports. Counterfeit software, media, and automotive parts also fall into related categories. The distinction between counterfeit and legitimate imitations varies by jurisdiction, but counterfeit items generally misrepresent their source or authenticity and violate laws.

Production and distribution often involve covert reproduction, packaging alterations, or digital fabrication. Counterfeit items reach markets through street vendors, mail-order schemes, and increasingly through online platforms, complicating enforcement across borders.

Impact includes direct financial losses for individuals and businesses, erosion of brand trust, and potential safety risks when counterfeit medicines, parts, or consumer goods are involved. Counterfeiting may also fund other crimes and undermine confidence in financial instruments and commerce.

Prevention and enforcement rely on currency security features such as watermarks, microprinting, and intaglio printing; tamper-evident packaging; serialization and RFID tagging; and brand-protection programs. Law enforcement agencies, customs authorities, and prosecutors pursue counterfeit offenses, with penalties varying by jurisdiction.

Detection and consumer guidance emphasize buying from reputable sources, checking security features, and reporting suspicious items to authorities. International cooperation through organizations such as customs authorities, Interpol, and the World Customs Organization supports enforcement and information sharing.