intaglio

Intaglio is a printmaking process in which the image is incised into a metal plate, typically copper or zinc, so that ink sits in the recessed lines or tonal areas. The plate is inked and then wiped so that ink remains only in the incisions; damp paper is pressed onto the plate, transferring the ink to create a reversed image. This contrasts with relief printing, where ink sits on raised surfaces, and with planographic processes such as lithography.

The main intaglio techniques include engraving, etching, drypoint, mezzotint, and aquatint. Engraving involves direct incisions with a burin to create fine lines. Etching uses a ground that is removed to expose metal to acids, which bite the lines. Drypoint scratches create a new edge with a characteristic burr for rich, velvety lines. Mezzotint roughens the plate to hold broad tonal values, which are partly refined by wiping or scrubbing; aquatint builds tonal areas with powdered resin that resists acid. These methods can be used alone or in combination to achieve a range of line quality and shading.

Materials and printing: plates are typically made of copper, zinc, or steel. Inks are oil-based and applied to the plate, then wiped so ink remains in the incisions. Damp paper is placed on the plate and run through a press to transfer the image. Additional steps such as burnishing, selective inking, or color printing with multiple plates may be employed.

History and use: Intaglio emerged in Europe in the 15th century and became a central method for graphic reproduction and original printmaking. It is associated with artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, and remains in contemporary use for fine art prints and experimental practice.