cladding

Cladding is a material layer applied to the exterior of a building to provide protection, insulation, or a decorative finish. It is typically installed over a structural wall or frame and is distinct from the primary load-bearing elements. Cladding can be continuous or composed of panels, tiles, or boards and may be part of a ventilated system or a solid outer skin.

Common cladding materials include metal (such as aluminium and steel), natural and engineered stone, brick slips, timber, vinyl, fibre cement, ceramic, glass, and composite panels (for example aluminium composite material). Cladding can be installed as solid surfaces or as part of a ventilated rainscreen system, which creates a cavity to promote drainage and air movement behind the finish.

Functions of cladding include weatherproofing and moisture management, thermal and acoustic insulation, and the enhancement of building aesthetics. When used with appropriate insulation, cladding can contribute to energy efficiency. It also serves to protect the structural substrate from wind-driven rain and UV exposure.

Design and safety considerations involve climate, building use, maintenance, cost, and regulatory requirements. Attachments range from mechanical fixings to adhesive systems. Fire performance is a critical factor; materials are tested and classified under standards such as EN 13501-1 in many regions. High-rise and publicly funded projects often require cladding systems with proven fire resistance and proper detailing to manage cavities and insulation.

Maintenance and installation typically involve a subframe, insulation, weather barrier, and finishing layer. Fixings, joints, and seals must prevent water ingress, and ongoing maintenance includes cleaning and inspection for damage, corrosion, or rot.