brick

A brick is a unit of ceramic material used in masonry construction. Most bricks are made from clay or shale and fired in a kiln to achieve hardness and durability; non-clay variants include concrete bricks and fly ash bricks. Bricks are typically rectangular blocks and come in a range of sizes and finishes, with regional standards governing dimensions, shape, and surface textures.

Manufacture: The process begins with the preparation of raw materials, mixing with water, and forming into bricks by molding or extrusion. The bricks are dried to reduce moisture and then fired at high temperatures in a kiln. Firing develops the ceramic bond and gives strength, color, and weather resistance. Addition of iron oxides or other minerals can affect color; reduction or oxidation firing can also influence appearance.

Types: Common bricks (for general masonry), facing bricks (for exterior aesthetics), and engineering bricks (high strength and low water absorption). There are also concrete bricks and specialized bricks such as perforated or hollow bricks for lighter weight and insulation. Bricks are laid with mortar and can be laid in various patterns for structural or decorative purposes.

Uses and properties: Bricks are used for walls, arches, pavements, and facades. They offer compressive strength, durability, and thermal mass but depend on proper mortar, joint detailing, and climate. Important properties include density, porosity, water absorption, and freeze-thaw resistance. Standards define tolerances and performance.

History and sustainability: Bricks have ancient origins in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley; their use expanded through Rome and into modern construction. Modern brickmaking is energy-intensive; alternatives include lightweight and recycled-content bricks and compressed earth blocks.