basaliom

Basaliom, also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), is the most common form of skin cancer. It arises from the basal cells of the epidermis and typically grows slowly. Although rarely life-threatening, it can cause significant local tissue destruction if not treated. Metastasis is uncommon.

Causes and risk factors: Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from sun or tanning beds is the main risk factor. Additional risks include fair skin, older age, male sex, a history of sunburns, immunosuppression, and certain genetic conditions such as Gorlin syndrome.

Clinical features: Basaliomas often appear on sun-exposed areas of the head and neck. They may present as a pearly or translucent nodule with telangiectasias, a non-healing ulcer, or a scar-like area. Superficial types may present as reddish, scaly patches.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and confirmation by biopsy with histopathology. Dermoscopy can aid assessment.

Treatment: The choice depends on size, location, histologic subtype, and patient factors. Standard therapy is complete surgical excision with adequate margins. Mohs micrographic surgery is preferred for facial or high-risk tumors. Other options include electrodesiccation with curettage, cryotherapy, topical therapies for superficial lesions (imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil), and photodynamic therapy or radiotherapy for non-surgical candidates.

Prognosis and follow-up: Basalioma has a very favorable prognosis with high cure rates when treated appropriately. The main risk is local recurrence; long-term skin surveillance is recommended due to new or recurrent lesions.

Prevention: Sun protection, avoidance of tanning beds, regular skin checks by a clinician or self-examination.