baksmitta

Baksmitta, a Swedish term meaning hangover, refers to a set of temporary symptoms that follow the consumption of alcoholic beverages, especially after heavy or binge drinking. It is not a disease, but a transient physiological state linked to alcohol metabolism and its effects on the body.

Causes of a hangover include the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde, a toxic intermediate, and then to acetate. Acetaldehyde contributes to many symptoms. Alcohol also promotes dehydration through increased urine production, leading to electrolyte imbalance. Sleep disruption, immune system activation, gastric irritation, and the presence of congeners in some beverages can further worsen the severity.

Common symptoms are headache, thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and sensitivity to light or noise, along with mood changes. Symptoms typically begin as blood alcohol concentration returns toward zero and can last roughly 8 to 24 hours, depending on the amount and type of alcohol, hydration, food intake, and individual factors.

Management is supportive, as there is no proven cure. Care focuses on relief and preventing dehydration: rest, fluids (water or oral rehydration solutions), and a balanced meals. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or aspirin may help, but acetaminophen should be avoided during intoxication or shortly after due to liver risk. Caffeine may help some individuals but can worsen dehydration or sleep disturbance.

Prevention centers on moderating intake and reducing risk factors. Strategies include pacing drinks, alternating with non-alcoholic beverages, staying hydrated, eating before or during drinking, and choosing beverages with fewer congeners. Adequate sleep and abstinence after intoxication reduce the likelihood and severity of symptoms.

See also: Hangover.