arthritisosteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive breakdown of articular cartilage with secondary changes in bone and nearby soft tissues. The term arthritisosteoarthritis is not standard; osteoarthritis is the preferred label.

Symptoms include joint pain that worsens with use, morning or inactivity stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes, reduced flexibility, swelling, and a grating sensation (crepitus). It most often affects the knee, hip, hands, and spine.

Risk factors include aging, previous joint injury or overuse, obesity, repetitive joint stress, and genetic predisposition. Mechanical factors such as malalignment of joints also contribute.

Pathophysiology involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone changes, osteophyte formation, and mild synovial inflammation in later stages. This leads to pain and impaired function.

Diagnosis relies on medical history and physical examination, supported by imaging such as X-ray showing joint-space narrowing and osteophytes; MRI may assess cartilage and soft tissue. Blood tests help exclude inflammatory arthritis.

Management aims to relieve pain, maintain joint function, and slow progression. Nonpharmacologic measures include weight control, regular low-impact exercise, physical therapy, assistive devices, and activity modification. Pharmacologic options include acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (topical or oral), and intra-articular corticosteroid injections. In some joints, hyaluronic acid injections are used. When symptoms are severe or function is limited, surgical options such as joint replacement may be considered. Supplements such as glucosamine or chondroitin have mixed evidence.

Prognosis varies; OA is typically progressive but progression rate differs by joint and individual. It is more prevalent with age and often coexists with other musculoskeletal conditions.