malalignment

Malalignment is the condition in which components or structures are not aligned as intended. The term is used across medicine, dentistry, and engineering to describe deviations from optimal alignment that can impair function, cause pain, or increase wear.

In medicine, malalignment may affect bones, joints, or the spine. Post-traumatic malalignment can occur after fracture healing (malunion) and produce abnormal limb alignment, altered gait, and joint stress. Congenital deformities can also present with malalignment. Diagnosis relies on imaging such as X-rays or CT scans, and treatment ranges from casting or bracing for minor cases to surgical realignment, such as osteotomy, for more severe deformities.

Dental malalignment refers to teeth that do not fit together properly. Crowding, overbites, crossbites, and rotated teeth can affect chewing and aesthetics. Orthodontic approaches—including braces, clear aligners, and sometimes tooth extraction or jaw surgery—aim to restore proper alignment.

Spinal malalignment describes abnormal curvature or misalignment of the vertebral column, as seen in scoliosis, kyphosis, or sagittal imbalances. Management depends on severity and may include observation, physical therapy, bracing, or surgical correction.

In engineering and manufacturing, malalignment describes misalignment between rotating components such as shafts and couplings. Consequences include excessive vibration, noise, bearing wear, and energy losses. Detection methods include dial indicators and laser alignment tools; correction typically involves repositioning supports, using shims, replacing misaligned parts, or selecting flexible couplings.

Prevention relies on accurate planning, regular monitoring, and adherence to alignment procedures to reduce risks across contexts.