misaligned

Misaligned is an adjective describing components, parts, or data that are not in the intended positions or orientations relative to a defined reference. Alignment refers to correct placement along one or more axes, planes, or directions.

In mechanical engineering, misalignment of shafts, gears, or bearings increases vibration, wear, and loading; common causes include manufacturing tolerances, wear, thermal expansion, and improper installation. Misalignment can reduce efficiency and shorten component life, sometimes leading to premature failure if not addressed.

In optics, misalignment of lenses or optical components degrades focusing and beam quality; alignment is achieved with precision adjustment using targets, interferometers, or laser collimation to restore intended performance.

In computing, data misalignment refers to memory addresses not aligned to word boundaries, which can slow access or complicate vectorization on certain processors. Misaligned data can reduce bandwidth and increase latency on some architectures.

In dentistry and medicine, misalignment describes teeth that do not align properly (malocclusion) or skeletal alignment issues affecting function or aesthetics. In astronomy, telescope misalignment causes inaccurate pointing and poorer image quality.

Detection and correction typically involve inspection and measurement, followed by adjustment using tools such as dial indicators, laser alignment systems, shims, or calibration procedures. In software contexts, alignment can also refer to aligning data structures, interfaces, or content with established standards or layouts.