argyrosis

Argyrosis, also spelled argyrosis, is a condition resulting from prolonged exposure to silver compounds, leading to deposition of silver in body tissues. It is most commonly described in ocular tissues (ocular argyrosis), though silver can also be deposited in the skin and mucous membranes; widespread skin discoloration is typically referred to as argyria rather than argyrosis.

Causes and exposure

Argyrosis arises after long-term occupational or incidental contact with silver dust, fumes, or soluble silver compounds. Historical and contemporary sources include photography, silverware polishing, electronics and jewelry manufacturing, mining, and the medical use of silver salts. Inhalation or dermal absorption of silver can contribute to tissue deposition.

Pathophysiology

Silver particles accumulate in tissues, particularly in the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye, but may be found in other tissues as well. Deposits are typically small, granular, and may become incorporated into basement membranes or intracellular lysosomes. The process is usually not associated with systemic toxicity at typical occupational exposure levels.

Clinical features

Ocular argyrosis often presents as slate‑gray to brownish deposits on the corneal epithelium and conjunctiva, detectable by slit‑lamp examination. Many individuals are asymptomatic, but some may experience mild irritation, photophobia, or glare. Cutaneous involvement is less common and, when present, contributes to a characteristic bluish-gray skin discoloration; extensive skin changes are more commonly termed argyria.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis relies on exposure history and slit‑lamp findings of silver deposits in ocular tissues. In uncertain cases, biopsy or elemental analysis can confirm silver deposition.

Management and prognosis

No universally effective treatment reverses silver deposits. Management focuses on eliminating or reducing exposure and addressing ocular symptoms with standard supportive care (e.g., lubrication). The condition is usually stable after exposure ends, and systemic toxicity is uncommon.

See also: Argyria, silver poisoning.