fumes

Fumes are gaseous or vaporous emissions released from a substance, typically when it evaporates, decomposes, or reacts at elevated temperature. They may consist of vapors alone or a mixture of gases and fine solid particles suspended in a gas. The term is commonly used for irritant or toxic emissions encountered in workplaces or homes.

Common sources include solvents, acids, metals, and fuels. Activities such as painting, soldering, welding, heating metal, or burning materials can release fumes. Pesticides, cleaning agents, and various chemical processes can also produce fumes. The composition and hazard of fumes depend on the substance and the conditions of release.

Inhalation of fumes can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and cause headaches or dizziness. Some fumes are corrosive, toxic, or carcinogenic. The risk depends on concentration, duration of exposure, and the level of ventilation. Acute exposure can be dangerous, and chronic exposure poses potential long-term health risks.

Prevention relies on ventilation and containment. Local exhaust ventilation or fume hoods, adequate room ventilation, and avoiding the mixing of reactive substances are important. Use of appropriate personal protective equipment, such as respirators, eye protection, and gloves, along with proper storage and labeling, reduces risk.

Workplaces regulate fumes through exposure limits and monitoring by safety agencies. Employers assess fumes, implement control measures, and train workers to recognize hazards. Fumes differ from smoke, which consists mainly of combustion-derived solid particles, and from mists or aerosols, which are liquid droplets suspended in air.