antisocial

Antisocial is an umbrella term used to describe patterns of behavior that violate social norms and the rights of others. In everyday language it can refer to antisocial behavior or traits that are harmful, deceitful, or aggressive. In clinical contexts, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a formal diagnosis defined in the DSM-5 and ICD-11. The term does not apply to all forms of unconventional or nonconforming behavior, and cultural and situational factors influence judgments about what is antisocial.

Asocial versus antisocial: Asocial describes a lack of interest in social interactions or a preference for solitude, while antisocial describes actions that harm, deceive, or show disregard for others or for social rules. Antisocial behavior can occur in various settings and does not always indicate a personality disorder; it may reflect situational factors, risk-taking, or other mental health conditions.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD): For a diagnosis of ASPD, a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others must be present, often beginning before adulthood. Diagnostic criteria, approximately three or more of the following, are typically considered:

- Repeated unlawful acts or failures to conform to social norms

- Deceitfulness, lying, or use of aliases for profit or pleasure

- Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead

- Irritability and aggressiveness, leading to fights or assaults

- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others

- Consistent irresponsibility in work or financial obligations

- Lack of remorse or indifference to harming others

Evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 is usually required, and the individual must be at least 18 years old.

Causes and treatment: ASPD is thought to arise from a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, including family history, early adversity, and social learning. There is no cure, but treatment aims to reduce harm and improve functioning. Approaches include psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), skills training, and management of co-occurring conditions; medications may address comorbid symptoms but do not treat ASPD directly.