Zits

Zits, commonly called pimples, are a form of acne vulgaris characterized by blocked hair follicles that become inflamed or infected. They most often appear on the face but can occur on the back, chest, and shoulders. Acne is common in adolescence and can persist into adulthood.

Causes include excess sebum production driven by hormones, abnormal keratinization that blocks follicles, the growth of Cutibacterium acnes inside clogged pores, and the body's inflammatory response. Genetics and hormonal changes influence susceptibility. Risk factors include puberty, certain medications, friction or irritants, and comedogenic cosmetics.

Lesions range from non-inflammatory comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) to inflammatory papules and pustules, and in severe cases nodules or cysts. Diagnosis is clinical and based on physical examination.

Management emphasizes skincare and targeted therapies. Daily gentle cleansing, noncomedogenic moisturizers, and avoiding picking. Over-the-counter options include benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. Prescription treatments may include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide combinations, and topical or oral antibiotics. Hormonal therapy may help some females (combined oral contraceptives, spironolactone). Severe or nodulocystic acne may require isotretinoin under specialist supervision, which carries potential serious side effects and requires monitoring.

Prognosis varies; acne often improves with treatment but can recur. Complications include scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Early, consistent management and avoidance of aggravating factors reduce long-term impact. Seek dermatology care for persistent, severe, or bothersome acne.