blackheads

Blackheads, also called open comedones, are a common form of acne characterized by small, dark spots on the skin. They occur when hair follicles become clogged with sebum, dead skin cells, and other debris. Unlike whiteheads, the opening at the surface remains open, allowing air to oxidize the material and darken its appearance. The plug is typically non-inflammatory but can become inflamed if bacteria proliferate or if the blockage is irritated.

Causes include excess sebum production driven by hormones, buildup of dead skin cells, and occlusive cosmetics or skin products that block follicles. They commonly appear on the face—especially the nose, forehead, and chin—though they can occur on the back, chest, or shoulders.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on appearance. Blackheads are typically non-tender and visible as small dark bumps. They may be mistaken for dirt but can be dislodged with gentle cleaning or extraction by a professional.

Treatment focuses on preventing blockage and removing plugs. Over-the-counter options include salicylic acid-containing cleansers or toners that exfoliate and help prevent clogged pores. Retinoids (such as adapalene) help normalize skin cell turnover and reduce comedone formation. Benzoyl peroxide may be used for associated bacteria in some cases. For stubborn cases, a dermatologist may perform professional extraction or prescribe stronger topical retinoids. Avoid squeezing or picking, which can worsen inflammation and scarring. Regular cleansing, non-comedogenic moisturizers, and sunscreen support skin health.

Prevention emphasizes routines that reduce pore blockage: gentle cleansing twice daily, avoiding heavy or oily cosmetics, exfoliating carefully, and using non-comedogenic products. If blackheads persist or are accompanied by widespread acne, consult a healthcare professional.