normalize

Normalize is a verb meaning to bring something into a normal or standard form, condition, or state. The term is used across disciplines to describe processes that make values comparable, consistent, or conventional.

In mathematics and statistics, normalization often means adjusting quantities to satisfy a fixed constraint. Examples include making a vector have unit length, or ensuring a probability distribution sums to one. In probability, a distribution is normalized by dividing its values by the total mass.

In data processing and machine learning, normalization refers to scaling data to a common range or distribution. Common methods include min-max normalization (mapping values to [0,1]) and z-score normalization (subtract mean, divide by standard deviation); standardization is similar but distinct.

In databases, normalization aims to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. It defines normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF) that guide the decomposition of tables into smaller, dependency-respecting structures.

In computing and science, normalization also applies to signals, images, and text. For images, it adjusts pixel values; in text processing, Unicode normalization (NFC, NFD, etc.) standardizes character representation for reliable comparisons.

In social and cultural contexts, normalization describes making behaviors or conditions seem normal or acceptable, often through gradual change or institutional policies.