Zerreißtests

A zerreißtest, commonly known as a tensile test or tensile strength test, is a fundamental mechanical test used to determine the tensile properties of materials. The procedure involves applying a gradually increasing force to a standardized specimen until it fractures, while measuring parameters such as elongation, strain, and force. This test helps assess a material’s strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness, providing critical data for material selection, quality control, and engineering design.

The test is conducted using a universal testing machine, which clamps the specimen at both ends and applies axial tension. The specimen, typically a cylindrical or rectangular bar with a uniform cross-section, is subjected to a controlled load until failure. Key metrics derived from the test include yield strength (the stress at which permanent deformation begins), ultimate tensile strength (the maximum stress the material can withstand), and percent elongation (the material’s ability to deform before breaking). Some materials, like metals, exhibit plastic deformation before rupture, while brittle materials, such as ceramics, fail without significant elongation.

Zerreißtests are widely applied across industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing. They ensure materials meet safety standards and perform as expected under stress. Variations of the test exist for different material forms, such as wire, sheet metal, or composites, with adjustments made to specimen geometry and testing conditions. The results are influenced by factors like temperature, strain rate, and environmental conditions, which may require specialized testing setups.

Beyond material characterization, tensile tests are used for research and development, failure analysis, and compliance testing. Standards organizations, such as ASTM International and ISO, provide guidelines for specimen preparation, testing procedures, and reporting results to ensure consistency and comparability across different laboratories.