Wolfs

Wolves, or gray wolves, Canis lupus, are adaptable canids native to northern temperate and arctic regions. Taxonomy and subspecies designations vary; many populations commonly called gray wolves are grouped under Canis lupus, though regional forms have been described as subspecies in the past.

Adults typically weigh 25–60 kilograms and stand about 60–90 centimeters at the shoulder, with body lengths around 1.0–1.8 meters. Coat colors range from gray to brown, with white examples in Arctic populations. Wolves are social animals that usually live in packs led by a breeding pair; pack sizes vary from a few to more than a dozen individuals.

Breeding is typically in winter, with a gestation of about 63 days. Litters usually contain four to six pups, cared for by both parents and other pack members. Packs defend territories through scent marking and vocalizations, and howling serves coordination and social bonding.

Wolves primarily hunt large ungulates such as deer, elk, moose, and caribou, but will take smaller prey when needed. They are apex predators and influence the structure of ecosystems, including prey population dynamics and scavenging.

Historically widespread across North America, Europe, and Asia, current wolf populations are fragmented and variably protected. The IUCN lists Canis lupus as Least Concern globally, but regional populations face threats from habitat loss, prey declines, and conflicts with humans. Conservation measures include protections, conflict mitigation, and, in some areas, reintroduction.