elk

Elk, also known as wapiti, are large deer native to North America and parts of Asia. The species Cervus canadensis is commonly called elk in North America, while the term wapiti reflects a Native American name. In some European languages, elk refers to the Eurasian moose (Alces alces), a different species. This article covers Cervus canadensis.

Adults stand roughly 1.2 to 1.5 meters at the shoulder and weigh about 270 to 500 kilograms, with bulls generally larger than cows. Males grow long, broad antlers that are shed and regrown annually, often spanning up to about one meter or more. Coat color ranges from light brown to reddish-brown, and a lighter rump patch is typically visible. Calves are born with spots and gain strength quickly after birth.

Elk have a wide distribution across western Canada, Alaska, and the western United States, with populations in parts of Asia including Siberia, Korea, and China. They occupy forests, meadows, river valleys, and open woodland edges, and many populations undertake seasonal migrations between higher elevation summer ranges and lower elevation winter ranges.

Behaviorally, elk are social animals that commonly form female-led herds with calves, while breeding season (rut) features dominant bulls defending harems and emitting loud vocalizations known as bugles. Diet is mainly grasses and forbs, but includes bark, shrubs, and aquatic vegetation. Reproduction typically results in a single calf, though twins occur; gestation lasts about 235 to 250 days. Predators include wolves, bears, and mountain lions. Diseases and parasites can affect populations; habitat loss and overhunting have caused regional declines.

Conservation status is generally of least concern overall, but regional management and habitat protection are important for sustaining local herds. Elk are also a common focus of wildlife viewing and hunting industries.