arctic

The Arctic is the polar region surrounding the North Pole. It includes the Arctic Ocean and parts of surrounding continents within the eight Arctic states: Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. The term Arctic is derived from Greek and is often linked to the Ursa Major constellation, historically associated with the direction north.

Geographically, the Arctic is bounded by the Arctic Circle, at about 66.5 degrees north, and encompasses sea ice, perennially frozen ground (permafrost), and tundra vegetation. The region experiences extreme seasonal light, with long polar nights in winter and the midnight sun in summer.

Climate and environment in the Arctic are changing rapidly. Arctic amplification describes the faster warming relative to global averages, leading to reduced sea ice extent, thawing permafrost, and shifts in ecosystems. These changes affect wildlife, freshwater supplies, and traditional livelihoods in Indigenous communities.

Ecology and peoples: the Arctic supports a range of species such as polar bears, Arctic foxes, seals, walruses, beluga and narwhals, and migratory birds. Vegetation is sparse, dominated by mosses, lichens, and low shrubs. Indigenous peoples—including groups such as the Inuit and Sámi, among others—have inhabited Arctic regions for millennia and continue to maintain cultural traditions and livelihoods alongside modern settlements.

Human activity and governance: the region hosts increasing shipping activity through routes like the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage, as well as energy and mineral exploration. Governance is led by forums such as the Arctic Council, which facilitates cooperation among states and Indigenous representatives on science, environment, and policy.