beluga

Beluga is a common name used for two distinct aquatic animals and, in culinary contexts, for a high-value product derived from one of them. The beluga whale refers to Delphinapterus leucas, a small to medium-sized cetacean adapted to Arctic and subarctic waters. The beluga sturgeon refers to Huso huso, a large freshwater fish native to the ancient river systems of the Caspian, Black, and Azov seas. The term beluga is also applied to beluga caviar, the salted roe of the beluga sturgeon, renowned for its size, texture, and flavor.

Beluga whales are characterized by their white color as adults, lack of a dorsal fin, and a highly flexible neck region. They rely on echolocation to navigate and locate prey in ice-covered waters and are highly social, often traveling in pods. Their diet includes a variety of fish, crustaceans, and worms. Belugas are known for their vocalizations and extensive ability to communicate. Reproduction is relatively slow, with females giving birth to a single calf after a long gestation, and individuals can live for several decades. Threats include habitat disruption from industrial activity, climate change, chemical pollution, and hunting in some regions.

Beluga sturgeons are among the largest freshwater fish and are famous for their roe. They migrate between rivers and seas to spawn and can live for many decades. Overfishing and habitat alteration have caused significant population declines, prompting protections such as international trade controls and aquaculture programs. Caviar production remains highly regulated and controversial due to conservation concerns.