Waxcaps

Waxcaps are a group of gilled mushrooms in the family Hygrophoraceae, most commonly placed in the genus Hygrocybe and related genera. They are known for a waxy texture on the cap and gills and for often bright, vivid colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, and blue. The flesh is typically moist and smooth, and many species have a white spore print.

Ecology and habitat are defining features of waxcaps. Most are saprotrophic, feeding on decaying plant material in grasslands and mossy areas. They are frequently found in long-established, unimproved grasslands, pastures, and lawns, sometimes in woodlands or heathlands. Waxcaps are considered indicators of traditional, low-nutrient, undisturbed habitats; they are sensitive to mowing regimes, fertilization, and drainage, so their presence often reflects habitat quality.

Distribution and conservation status vary by region. Waxcaps are cosmopolitan but can be relatively scarce in intensively managed landscapes. In Europe and North America, several species are the focus of conservation work because their habitats are threatened. Protective management often involves reducing fertilizer use, delaying mowing, and preserving traditional grassland practices to maintain suitable habitats.

Identification and notes. Distinguishing features include bright, waxy caps with smooth surfaces, widely spaced gills, and a white spore print. The genus Hygrocybe contains many species, such as Hygrocybe conica (which blackens with age) and Hygrocybe miniata (scarlet waxcap). Edibility varies and is not reliably established for many waxcaps, so they are generally not sought for consumption; correct identification is essential.