Veenihaigus

Veenihaigus is a broad term for disorders of the venous system, particularly in the legs, that disrupt the return of blood to the heart. It includes superficial venous disease such as varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, and venous ulcers.

Causes and risk factors include weakened vein valves, vein obstruction, and factors that raise venous pressure such as prolonged standing, obesity, pregnancy, age, and a family history of venous disease. Injury or previous vein surgery can also contribute. These conditions are often chronic and may progress over time.

Symptoms vary by disorder but commonly include leg aching or heaviness, swelling, and skin changes. Acute deep vein thrombosis can cause sudden swelling, redness, and warmth of the leg, while chronic venous insufficiency may cause pigmentation changes, eczema, or ulcers.

Diagnosis relies on clinical history and physical examination, with duplex ultrasonography as the primary imaging test. D-dimer testing may be used in suspected deep vein thrombosis for selected patients. Additional imaging is reserved for complex cases or suspected complications.

Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may include compression stockings, leg elevation, and regular exercise to improve calf muscle pump function. Varicose veins may be treated with sclerotherapy, endovenous laser therapy, radiofrequency ablation, or surgical removal. Deep vein thrombosis requires anticoagulation; severe cases may need thrombolysis or surgery. Venous ulcers require wound care and compression therapy.

Prognosis varies by condition but many patients achieve symptom relief with appropriate management. Prevention focuses on lifestyle measures, regular activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and early intervention for calf muscle pump dysfunction.