Tromboz

Thrombosis, or tromboz in some languages, is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, within a blood vessel. A thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow and may occur in arteries or veins. Venous thrombosis most often affects the legs (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) and can lead to pulmonary embolism if a fragment breaks off and travels to the lungs. Arterial thrombosis can block arteries supplying the heart or brain, causing heart attack or ischemic stroke.

Causes and risk factors include a disturbance in the balance of coagulation and blood flow, known as Virchow's triad: stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. Risk factors encompass prolonged immobility, recent surgery or trauma, cancer, pregnancy, hormonal therapies, obesity, smoking, and inherited clotting disorders.

Symptoms and diagnosis depend on the location of the clot. DVT typically presents with leg swelling, pain, and warmth; pulmonary embolism presents with chest pain and shortness of breath; arterial events cause sudden neurological or cardiac symptoms. Diagnosis relies on imaging such as compression ultrasound for DVT and CT pulmonary angiography for PE, supplemented by blood tests including D-dimer in appropriate contexts.

Treatment and prevention aim to reduce clot growth, prevent recurrence, and manage risks. Anticoagulant medications (including heparin, direct oral anticoagulants, or warfarin) are commonly used. More aggressive interventions, such as thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, may be employed for severe or life-threatening clots. Prevention strategies include early mobilization, compression stockings, and prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk settings, such as after surgery.

Prognosis varies with the clot’s location and extent and the presence of complications, such as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension or post-thrombotic syndrome.