Tosa

Tosa can refer to two related subjects in Japan: the historic Tosa Province on the island of Shikoku, and the Tosa Inu, a large Japanese dog breed developed in that region. The breed takes its name from the province, now part of Kochi Prefecture. The Tosa Inu was created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by crossing native Shikoku dogs with imported European breeds such as bulldogs and mastiffs, with the aim of producing a powerful fighting dog. Due to its origins, the breed has been subject to legal restrictions in many countries.

The Tosa Inu is a large, muscular dog with a deep chest and strong limbs. It has a short, smooth coat and colors that include red, fawn, brindle, and often a black mask. Typical height at the withers ranges from about 60 to 82 cm, and weight commonly falls between 40 and 60 kg, though larger individuals occur. The breed is known for a calm, confident demeanor and loyalty to its family, but it tends to be reserved with strangers and requires early socialization and consistent, experienced training. It can be intelligent yet independent and stubborn, so it is generally better suited to seasoned owners rather than first-time dog handlers.

Care for a Tosa Inu includes regular exercise, mental stimulation, and routine veterinary care. Health concerns associated with large, deep-chested breeds can include hip and elbow dysplasia and a risk of gastric torsion. Legal status varies by country; some places prohibit or restrict ownership due to past fighting use. Related in name to Tosa Province, the breed is distinct from other Japanese dogs such as the Shikoku.