Telesurgery

Telesurgery is the practice of performing surgical procedures with the surgeon located remotely from the patient, using robotic systems, data networks, and real-time communication. The surgeon operates a master console that controls robotic actuators at the patient site, while the procedure is supported by imaging, video, and telemetry. Telesurgery encompasses not only remote operation but also telementoring and teleproctoring, in which an expert guides or supervises procedures from a distance.

Technology and workflow: A typical setup includes a surgical robot, a high-bandwidth, low-latency network connection, and a secure interface for video and instrument data. Latency, jitter, and bandwidth constraints influence responsiveness and precision. Haptic feedback, telemetry, and redundant systems are used to maintain safety. Regulatory frameworks and standardized training programs are essential for credentialing and quality control.

Applications and impact: Telesurgery enables expert surgeons to perform complex or specialized operations in remote or underserved areas, in space missions, military settings, or disaster zones, reducing patient transfer times and expanding access to care. It is most commonly associated with minimally invasive techniques, where robotic precision can be advantageous.

Challenges and considerations: Key obstacles include latency and reliability, risk management, cybersecurity, data privacy, costs, and the need for robust telecommunication infrastructure. Ethical and medico-legal questions, patient consent, and cross-border licensing also play roles. Evidence on outcomes remains variable, with benefits often offset by logistical demands and expenses.

Future directions: Advances aim to reduce latency, enhance haptic feedback, improve imaging, and enable more autonomous or assistive robotic functions under surgeon supervision. The integration of 5G/6G networks, AI-driven decision support, and standardized training could broaden adoption, including in rural and space environments.